![]() ![]() The shape-shifting behavior is enabled by different thermal expansion coefficients of the active and non-active materials. The shape continues to change until the osmolarity gradient becomes zero. The droplets with higher osmolarity swell and the droplets with lower osmolarity shrink. ![]() This shape-shifting behavior is based on the differences in osmolarity of the droplets. The 1D-to-3D shape-shifting is realized by self-folding mechanism. Ī linear strip structure with alternating sections of the rigid and active materials can transform into a precise sinusoidal shape when immersed in water. This difference provides a stress mismatch and enables the overall shape to be changed toward a specific direction. The active material is a hydrogel that can swell when immersed in water while the rigid parts remain intact. Its linear shape-shifting behavior is obtained based on a shape memory cycle. By adjusting the ratio of expandable hydrogels to rigid discs, the structure can show linear shape-shifting behavior with a desirable final length. Finally, it was pointed out that the development direction of 4D printing technology is to combine intelligent materials with 3D printing, simplify the manufacture of complex structures, and realize the automation, intellectualization and personalization applications in special service environments and fields such as aerospace, deep sea and precise medical treatment by using its unique characteristics of self-assembly, self-adaption and self-repairing.ĤD打印技术起源于3D打印技术,是由研究人员(美国麻省理工学院的Skylar Tibbits)、3D打印机制造商(Stratasys)和软件设计开发商(Autodesk)于2013年合作提出,并实现由3D打印的绳子在水的激励(或刺激)下自我弯折 ,因此,4D打印的关键技术包括4D打印机制、打印机和软件设计(或数学建模)等。 Furthermore, the key technologies such as printing materials, incentive mechanism and mathematical modeling method in 4D printing elements were analyzed. Then the 4D printing was classified from the dimension of printing structure shape change. On the basis of a brief review of the status of 4D printing at home and abroad, the concept and components of 4D printing were given firstly. It has time dependence, printer independence and predictability, and its smart dynamic performance creates promising capabilities and broad potential applications. Abstract: 4D printing can be defined as the evolution of 3D printing structure in terms of shape, performance and function. ![]()
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